If you’re new to rifle scopes, you might wonder, what is first focal plane? It’s a key design choice that affects how your scope works at different magnifications. Understanding this concept will help you pick the right optic for your shooting, whether it’s for hunting or long-range target work.
Simply put, the focal plane refers to where the reticle is placed inside the scope. In a first focal plane (FFP) scope, the reticle is in front of the magnification lens. This one fact creates its unique behavior. Let’s look at how it works and why it matters to you.
What Is First Focal Plane
In a first focal plane scope, the reticle is placed at the front of the magnification assembly. This means when you turn the magnification ring to zoom in, the reticle gets bigger along with the target image. When you zoom out, the reticle shrinks. The scale of the reticle stays constant relative to the target. This is the core feature that defines FFP optics.
How First Focal Plane Differs from Second Focal Plane
The alternative is a second focal plane (SFP) scope. Here, the reticle is behind the magnification lens. In an SFP scope, the reticle stays the same size no matter what magnification you use. Only the target image grows or shrinks. This leads to a major functional difference.
- FFP: Reticle subtensions (like Mil-Dot or MOA marks) are accurate at all magnifications.
- SFP: Reticle subtensions are only accurate at one specific magnification, usually the highest power.
The Main Advantage: Holdovers at Any Power
The biggest benefit of a first focal plane scope is its flexibility. You can use the reticle’s measurement marks for range estimation, wind holds, or bullet drop correction on any magnification setting. This is crucial in dynamic situations where you might need to quickly switch from a wide field of view to high power.
Imagine you’re hunting and spot a target at an unknown distance. You can zoom out to find it easily, use the reticle to estimate the range, and then immediately apply the correct holdover—all without touching the magnification ring again. This speed can be a real advantage.
Potential Drawbacks to Consider
FFP scopes aren’t perfect for every situation. There are a couple trade-offs you should know about.
- Reticle Visibility at Low Power: At the lowest magnification, the reticle can become very thin and fine. In low light or against a busy background, it might be hard to see clearly.
- Cost: FFP scopes are generally more expensive to manufacture than SFP scopes. You’ll typically pay a premium for the feature.
- Complexity: The reticle’s changing size can be distracting for some shooters who are used to a constant reticle.
Who Should Use a First Focal Plane Scope?
FFP scopes are particularly favored by tactical shooters, long-range precision enthusiasts, and anyone who uses mil- or MOA-based reticles for calculations. If you regularly shoot at varying distances and need to make rapid adjustments, FFP is often the preferred choice. It simplifies the mental math and makes your shooting more consistant.
For example, in a PRS competition, you might have targets from 300 to 1000 yards. An FFP scope lets you use your reticle’s holdover points correctly, whether you’re at 15x or 25x magnification. This consistency is key for fast, accurate hits.
When a Second Focal Plane Might Be Better
Don’t count out SFP scopes. They have their own strengths. Many hunters, especially those in woods or at shorter ranges, prefer them. The thick, always-visible reticle is great for quick shots in poor light. If you mostly shoot at a known distance or use a ballistic turret for adjustments instead of the reticle, an SFP scope can be an excellent and often more affordable option.
Choosing Your Reticle Type
FFP scopes work best with reticles designed for measurement. Look for these types:
- Mil-Dot Reticles: Uses milliradians for angular measurement.
- MOA Reticles: Uses Minutes of Angle for measurement.
- Christmas Tree Reticles: Feature extensive windage and elevation holds.
Simple duplex reticles don’t gain much benefit from being in the first focal plane, as they lack measurement marks. The advanced reticles truly unlock the FFP advantage.
Testing a Scope Before You Buy
If possible, try to look through different scopes. Here’s a simple test:
- Point the scope at a target with clear measurements (like a gridded chart).
- Set the magnification to its highest power. Note how many reticle marks span a known distance.
- Now, zoom all the way out to the lowest power.
- If the same number of marks still span the same distance on the target, it’s an FFP scope. If the reticle now covers a much smaller area of the target, it’s an SFP scope.
Making the Right Choice for Your Needs
Your shooting discipline should guide your decision. Think about your typical scenarios.
- Long-Range Precision/Tactical: Strongly consider FFP.
- Big Game Hunting (Open Terrain): FFP is very useful.
- Woods Hunting / Short Range: SFP is often perfectly suitable.
- Varmint Shooting: Either can work, depending on your method of adjustment.
- Beginner on a Budget: A good SFP scope is a fantastic starting point.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is first focal plane better?
“Better” depends on your use. FFP is more versatile for ranging and holdovers at any magnification. SFP often offers a brighter, more visible reticle at low power and is usually cheaper. For specific long-range applications, FFP is generally considered superior.
Can you range with a first focal plane scope?
Yes, absolutely. In fact, FFP scopes are ideal for ranging because the reticle’s subtensions are accurate at every magnification level. You can range a target whether you are on low power or high power without any extra calculations.
Do military snipers use FFP or SFP?
Modern military sniper systems predominantly use first focal plane scopes. The reason is the tactical need for accurate holdovers and ranging at any zoom setting, which an FFP scope provides reliably. The consistency is critical in field conditions.
Why are FFP scopes more expensive?
The manufacturing tolerances are tighter. Placing the reticle in the first focal plane requires precise alignment so that the reticle scales perfectly with the image across the entire magnification range. This extra complexity in lens assembly and calibration increases the cost.
What does FFP mean on a scope?
FFP stands for First Focal Plane. It means the reticle is located in front of the magnification lenses. This causes the reticle to appear to change size as you change magnification, maintaining its relationship to the target.
Choosing between first and second focal plane is a significant decision. It fundamentally changes how you interact with your optic. By knowing what is first focal plane and how it functions, you can make an informed choice that matches your shooting style. Consider your primary activities, test scopes if you can, and invest in the tool that will best help you make that shot count.